Social media platforms allow users to freely share their opinions about issues or anything they feel like. However, they also make it easier to spread hate and abusive content. The Fulani ethnic group has been the victim of this unfortunate phenomenon. This paper introduces the HERDPhobia - the first annotated hate speech dataset on Fulani herders in Nigeria - in three languages: English, Nigerian-Pidgin, and Hausa. We present a benchmark experiment using pre-trained languages models to classify the tweets as either hateful or non-hateful. Our experiment shows that the XML-T model provides better performance with 99.83% weighted F1. We released the dataset at https://github.com/hausanlp/HERDPhobia for further research.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

当前信息时代在互联网上产生的数据的指数增长是数字经济的推动力。信息提取是累积大数据中的主要价值。对统计分析和手工设计的规则机器学习算法的大数据依赖性被人类语言固有的巨大复杂性所淹没。自然语言处理（NLP）正在装备机器，以了解这些人类多样化和复杂的语言。文本分类是一个NLP任务，它会自动识别基于预定义或未定标记的集合的模式。常见的文本分类应用程序包括信息检索，建模新闻主题，主题提取，情感分析和垃圾邮件检测。在文本中，某些单词序列取决于上一个或下一个单词序列以使其充分含义。这是一项具有挑战性的依赖性任务，要求机器能够存储一些以前的重要信息以影响未来的含义。诸如RNN，GRU和LSTM之类的序列模型是具有长期依赖性任务的突破。因此，我们将这些模型应用于二进制和多类分类。产生的结果非常出色，大多数模型在80％和94％的范围内执行。但是，这个结果并不详尽，因为我们认为如果机器要与人类竞争，可以改进。

语言模型预训练的最新进展利用大规模数据集创建多语言模型。但是，这些数据集中大多遗漏了低资源语言。这主要是因为网络上没有很好地表示口语，因此被排除在用于创建数据集的大规模爬网中。此外，这些模型的下游用户仅限于最初选择用于预训练的语言的选择。这项工作调查了如何最佳利用现有的预培训模型来为16种非洲语言创建低资源翻译系统。我们关注两个问题：1）如何将预训练的模型用于初始预培训中未包含的语言？ 2）生成的翻译模型如何有效地转移到新域？为了回答这些问题，我们创建了一个新的非洲新闻语料库，涵盖16种语言，其中8种语言不属于任何现有评估数据集的一部分。我们证明，将两种语言转移到其他语言和其他领域的最有效策略是，以少量的高质量翻译数据微调大型预训练模型。

情感分析是NLP中研究最广泛的应用程序之一，但大多数工作都集中在具有大量数据的语言上。我们介绍了尼日利亚的四种口语最广泛的语言（Hausa，Igbo，Nigerian-Pidgin和Yor \'ub \'a）的第一个大规模的人类通知的Twitter情感数据集，该数据集由大约30,000个注释的推文组成（以及每种语言的大约30,000个）（以及14,000尼日利亚猎人），其中包括大量的代码混合推文。我们提出了文本收集，过滤，处理和标记方法，使我们能够为这些低资源语言创建数据集。我们评估了数据集上的预训练模型和转移策略。我们发现特定于语言的模型和语言适应性芬通常表现最好。我们将数据集，训练的模型，情感词典和代码释放到激励措施中，以代表性不足的语言进行情感分析。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

本文提出了一种简单而有效的方法，可以改善两种情况下的直接（x-to-y）翻译：零射击和直接数据时。我们将编码器和解码器的输入令牌修改为包括源和目标语言的信号。我们在从头开始训练或使用拟议的设置对验证模型进行填充时显示出绩效增长。在实验中，根据检查点选择标准，我们的方法在内部数据集上显示了近10.0个BLEU点的增益。在WMT评估活动中，从英语性能提高了4.17和2.87 BLEU点，在零射击设置和直接数据可用于培训时。而X-to-y在零射基线上提高了1.29 BLEU，而在多到许多基线上提高了0.44。在低资源设置中，我们在X-TO-Y域数据上进行填充时会看到1.5〜1.7点的改善。

近年来，随着新颖的策略和应用，神经网络一直在迅速扩展。然而，尽管不可避免地会针对关键应用程序来解决这些挑战，例如神经网络技术诸如神经网络技术中仍未解决诸如神经网络技术的挑战。已经尝试通过用符号表示来表示和嵌入域知识来克服神经网络计算中的挑战。因此，出现了神经符号学习（Nesyl）概念，其中结合了符号表示的各个方面，并将常识带入神经网络（Nesyl）。在可解释性，推理和解释性至关重要的领域中，例如视频和图像字幕，提问和推理，健康信息学和基因组学，Nesyl表现出了有希望的结果。这篇综述介绍了一项有关最先进的Nesyl方法的全面调查，其原理，机器和深度学习算法的进步，诸如Opthalmology之类的应用以及最重要的是该新兴领域的未来观点。

Bibletts是一种在撒哈拉以南非洲使用的十种语言的大型，高质量的开放语音数据集。该语料库包含每语言最多86个小时的对齐，工作室质量的48kHz单扬声器唱片，从而能够开发高质量的文本到语音模型。代表的十种语言是：Akuapem Twi，Asante Twi，Chichewa，Ewe，Hausa，Kikuyu，Lingala，Luganda，Luganda，Luo和Yoruba。该语料库是由Biblica的Open.Bible Project制作和发行的圣经录音的衍生作品。我们已经对齐，清洁和过滤了原始录音，并还对每种语言的对齐子进行了手工检查。我们为具有Coqui TTS的文本到语音模型提供了结果。数据是根据商业友好的CC-SA许可发布的。

超光谱成像已成为光学成像系统领域的最新趋势。在其他各种应用中，超光谱成像已被广泛用于分析印刷和手写文档。本文提出了一种有效的技术，用于估计超光谱文档图像中存在的不同但明显相似的油墨的数量。我们的方法基于无监督的学习，不需要数据集的任何先验知识。该算法在IVISION HHID数据集上进行了测试，并与文献中存在的算法状态达到了可比的结果。在超光谱文档图像中，在伪造检测的早期阶段使用时，这项工作可能是有效的。